Translating Tzedek in the Old Testament
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South African Theological Seminary
Johannesburg
Abstract
צדקה and צדק, both usually translated righteousness, are key words found throughout the Old Testament. This research project analyses each appearance of these words from the Hebrew scriptures and gives recommendations for translation into English based on a study of relevant resources and several existing Bible versions. Consideration will also be given to δικαιοσύνη in the Greek scriptures as those authors were writing from a Hebrew or Aramaic mindset. Other concepts besides righteousness are often intended by the author, especially prominent among these is justice. It will be argued that righteousness is rarely the best choice of terms even when that concept is required.
צדקה and צדק, both usually translated righteousness, are key words found throughout the Old Testament. This research project analyses each appearance of these words from the Hebrew scriptures and gives recommendations for translation into English based on a study of relevant resources and several existing Bible versions. Consideration will also be given to δικαιοσύνη in the Greek scriptures as those authors were writing from a Hebrew or Aramaic mindset. Other concepts besides righteousness are often intended by the author, especially prominent among these is justice. It will be argued that righteousness is rarely the best choice of terms even when that concept is required.
צדקה and צדק, both usually translated righteousness, are key words found throughout the Old Testament. This research project analyses each appearance of these words from the Hebrew scriptures and gives recommendations for translation into English based on a study of relevant resources and several existing Bible versions. Consideration will also be given to δικαιοσύνη in the Greek scriptures as those authors were writing from a Hebrew or Aramaic mindset. Other concepts besides righteousness are often intended by the author, especially prominent among these is justice. It will be argued that righteousness is rarely the best choice of terms even when that concept is required.
Description
Preface....................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgements....................................................................................iv
List of Abbreviations....................................................................................iv
Chapter
1. Motivation and Previous Work Introduction..............................................................................1
Literature Review.....................................................................3
2. Foundations of the Analysis
Methods of Investigation............................................................6
Findings..................................................................................7
Lexical Study...........................................................................7
3. Examination and Discussion
צדק in the Books of the Law ....................9
צדק in the Prophets .................................. 13
צדק in the Writings ................................... 30
Linguistic Transition.................................................................46
δικαιοσύνη in the New Testament...............................................47
4. Recommendations
Conclusion.............................................................................48
Appendix
I. Listing of appearances of the key words.............................................51
II. LXX verses that do not use δικαιοσύνη or related................................56
III. Translation of צדק ,צדק ,צדק ,צדק in Leviticus 19:36..............................57
IV. Translation of צדק ,צדק in Deuteronomy 16:20....................................58
V. Translation of δικαιοσύνη in Matthew 5:6...........................................59
Works Cited.............................................................................................60
Keywords
Translation