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Item Human Freedom and God's Providence : Is There Conflict? Conspectus : The Journal of the South African Theological Seminary, Volume 8, Issue 09, Sep 2009, p. 62 - 76(South African Theological Seminary Press Johannesburg, South Africa) Pretorius, MarkHow can we reconcile human freedom with God's providence? The key, in my view, is bottom-up and top-down causality. These particular terms state that all events in the world are the result of some previous event, or events. Accordingly, all of reality is already in a sense predetermined or pre-existent and, therefore, nothing new can come into existence. But how does this impact on our actions? Are we predetermined to walk a specific path and, if so, how is this accomplished by God without violating our human freedom?Item Justification as it Relates to Adam and Christ Within the New Covenant Conspectus : The Journal of the South African Theological Seminary, Volume 1, Issue 03, Mar 2006, p. 43 - 64(South African Theological Seminary Press Johannesburg, South Africa) Pretorius, MarkHow does one grasp the ramifications of sin without first understanding its source and how it was transmitted to all mankind? How does one understand the depth of Christ's redemptive act without first understanding the depth of sin within man? The significance of this concept in explaining the work of Christ should not be underestimated in any way. Therefore Paul teaches that all people stand in relationship to one of two men, whose actions determine the eternal destiny of all who belong to them. By the one man's disobedience many were made sinners, and by the obedience of the other, many shall be made righteous.God's plan for man's redemption can be seen through the eyes of two covenants. The one, made with Adam and broken by him, resulted in man's death. The second covenant, through Jesus Christ, resulted in man's redemption.